POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS
1. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s Population Estimates Tables, State Population Totals: 2010-2019 and State Population Totals: 2020-2023. Note: The Decennial Census count taken in 2020 created a new April 1, 2020 population baseline for U.S. Census Bureau annual estimates, which may explain part of the faster population increase between the 2019 and 2020 estimates.
2. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s Population Estimates Tables, County Population Totals: 2020-2023.
3. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s Population Estimates Tables, State Population by Characteristics: 2020-2023, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin. Note: The U.S. Census Bureau defines race and ethnicity separately, using 1997 standards from the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. For ethnicity, “Hispanic or Latino” is defined as “a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.”
4. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s Population Estimates Tables, State Population by Characteristics: 2020-2023, Median Age and Age by Sex.
5. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s Microdata Access Tool, 5-year Estimates for 2022 and 2017. Data was assessed using multiple variables: mobility status, migration, and age recode by group.
6. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s Population Estimates Tables, State Population Components of Change: 2020-2023.
7. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s Population Estimates Tables, County Population Components of Change: 2020-2023.
8. See the New Hampshire Department of Business and Economic Affairs’ September 2022 report, State, County, and Municipal Population Projections: 2020-2050, page 52.
INCOME AND ECONOMIC SECURITY
1. See the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Income in the Past 12 Months, S1901.
2. See the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Median Income in the Past 12 Months, S1903.
3. See NHFPI’s 2021 issue brief, Uneven Employment Impacts and Recovery from the COVID-19 Crisis; 2022 issue brief, Key Challenges Facing Granite Staters Amid the COVID-19 Economic Recovery; and 2023 issue brief, Granite State Workers and Employers Face Rising Costs and Significant Economic Constraints.
4. See the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months, S1701.
5. See the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2024 Poverty Guidelines.
6. See the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Income in the Past 12 Months, S1901.
7. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s June 2023 publication Strategies to Counter 2021-Specific Challenges in Producing the Supplemental Poverty Measure in the American Community Survey and accompanying American Community Survey-derived SPM data tables.
8. See NHFPI’s March 4, 2022 issue brief, Expansions of the Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit in New Hampshire.
9. See NHFPI’s June 10, 2024 blog, Poverty Among Older Adults Rose Significantly, and Rebounded for Children, in 2022, as well as NHFPI’s September 2023 blog Latest Census Bureau Data Show Median Household Income Fell Behind Inflation, Tax Credit Expirations Increased Poverty and NHFPI’s March 2022 issue brief Expansions of the Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit in New Hampshire.
10. See the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months, S1701.
11. See the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months, S1701.
12. See the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Living Wage Calculator, accessed August 2024.
13. See the Economic Policy Institute, Family Budget Calculator, accessed August 2024.
14. See the U.S. Census Bureau, Household Pulse Survey. Note: 2023 data includes survey data collected from January through October of that year.
ECONOMY AND JOBS
1. See New Hampshire Employment Security’s Nonfarm Employment, Seasonally Adjusted, All Employees 2023 preliminary estimates.
2. See U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, Commuting Characteristics by Sex, S0801.
3. See U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division’s State Minimum Wage Laws.
4. Annual minimum wage calculation derived assuming 40 hours of work per week for 52 weeks at $7.25 an hour. CPI for All Urban Consumers 1982-84=100 (Unadjusted) for the first half of 2024 used for inflation calculations.
5. See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2009 and 2024 Federal Poverty Guidelines.
6. Annual 2023 figures in this paragraph are an average of the four individual quarters from 2023.
7. Average weekly wages by private sector industries calculated using four individual quarters from 2023.
8. See NHFPI’s August 2022 issue brief, Key Challenges Facing Granite State Workers Amid the COVID-19 Economic Recovery and NHFPI’s March 4, 2022 presentation The New Hampshire Economy in 2021 and 2022.
9. Annual 2023 figures in this paragraph are an average of the four individual quarters from 2023.
10. See New Hampshire Employment Security’s 2023 Quarterly Census of Employment Wages for Counties. Annual 2023 figures in this paragraph are an average of the four quarters from 2023.
11. See New Hampshire Employment Security’s Granite Stats – Unemployment Rate and Labor Force annual time period.
12. See New Hampshire Employment Security’s New Hampshire Economic Conditions – July 2024.
13. See Granite Stats – Unemployment Rate and Labor Force annual and monthly, seasonally adjusted time periods.
14. See New Hampshire Employment Security’s Granite Stats – Unemployment Rate and Labor Force monthly, seasonally adjusted time period.
15. See New Hampshire Employment Security’s New Hampshire Economic Conditions – October 2024.
16. See New Hampshire Employment Security’s Alternative Measures of Labor Underutilization Annual Averages 2023, U-6 metric, and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics “Local Area Unemployment Statistics” for more information on the U-L measure.
17. See NHFPI’s August 2022 issue brief, Key Challenges Facing Granite State Workers Amid the COVID-19 Economic Recovery and NHFPI’s August 2023 issue brief, Granite State Workers and Employers Face Rising Costs and Significant Economic Constraints. Inflation adjustment calculated using Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers-New England.
18. See NHFPI’s September 2021 issue brief, Uneven Employment Impacts and Recovery from the COVID-19 Crisis.
19. See NHFPI’s June 10, 2024 blog, Poverty Among Older Adults Rose Significantly, and Rebounded for Children, in 2022.
20. See the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Pandemic Savings Are Gone: What’s Next for U.S. Consumers?, May 3, 2024, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Have U.S. Households Depleted All the Excess Savings They Accumulated during the Pandemic?, November 7, 2023.
21. See NHFPI’s May 22, 2024 presentation New Hampshire’s Labor Force and Policies to Support Granite State Workers and the U.S. Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey, accessed July 2024.
22. See NHFPI’s August 2023 issue brief, Granite State Workers and Employers Face Rising Costs and Significant Economic Constraints.
HOUSING
1. Price data collected and published by the New Hampshire Association of Realtors.
2. See the New Hampshire Housing’s March 2023 report, New Hampshire Statewide Housing Needs Assessment.
3. See the New Hampshire Housing’s August 2023 report, New Hampshire 2023 Residential Rental Cost Survey Report.
4. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s July 30, 2024 press release, Quarterly Residential Vacancies and Homeownership, Second Quarter 2024.
5. See the New Hampshire Housing’s August 2024 report, New Hampshire 2024 Residential Rental Cost Survey Report.
6. See the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates for 2023, B25119.
7. See the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates for 2023, B25074.
8. See the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 5-Year Estimates for 2018-2022, B25074.
9. See the U.S. Government Accountability Office’s July 2020 report, Better HUD Oversight of Data Collection Could Improve Estimates of Homeless Population.
10. For more information on the point-in-time counts, see the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness January 2024 publication USICH Leaders and Staff Participate in 2024 Homelessness Count, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s December 2023 HUD No. 23-278 information release HUD Releases January 2023 Point-in-Time Count Report, and the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services webpage Balance of State Continuum of Care, accessed August 2024.
11. See the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Point in Time Counts.
12. For more information on the health impacts of varying housing quality and multiple or frequent moves, see the Urban Institute, How Housing Affects Children’s Outcomes, January 2, 2019; the Urban Institute, The Negative Effects of Instability on Child Development: A Research Synthesis, September 2013; the American Journal of Pediatrics, Unstable Housing and Caregiver and Child Health in Renter Families, February 2018; the American Journal of Pediatrics, Eviction and Household Health and Hardships in Families With Very Young Children, October 2022; and the American Journal of Public Health, U.S. Housing Insecurity and the Health of Very Young Children, August 2011.
13. See the NH Judicial Branch, Data and Reports, Landlord Tenant Writ Filings by month and court, 2019-2023. See NHFPI’s June 18, 2020 blog, Eviction Moratorium to End July 1 as the State Establishes New Housing Assistance Program.
14. See Princeton University, Eviction Lab, accessed August 2024.
15. See the NH Coalition to End Homelessness’s 2023 report, The State of Homelessness in New Hampshire.
16. See the Advocates Building Lasting Equality in New Hampshire’s survey of caregivers, 2021 Disability Housing Survey Report: A Severe Crisis is Upon Us.
HEALTH
1. See the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Healthy People 2030, Social Determinants of Health.
2. See the NH Department of Health and Human Services, Access to Opportunity.
3. See the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ February 2017 summary, Income and Health Outcomes.
4. See the NHFPI’s February 29, 2024 issue brief, Poverty and Food Insecurity in New Hampshire During and Following the COVID-19 Crisis.
5. See the Kaiser Family Foundation’s March 1, 2024 issue brief, Americans’ Challenges with Health Care Costs.
6. See the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Healthy People 2030, Housing Instability and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Justice and Air Pollution.
7. See the Commonwealth Fund’s 2023 Scorecard on State Health System Performance and the U.S. Government Accountability Office’s May 16, 2023 article, Why Health Care is Harder to Access in Rural America.
8. See the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute’s data tool, County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, Primary Care Physicians.
9. See the NH Department of Health and Human Services’ December 27, 2022 report, Annual Report on the Health Status of Rural Residents and Health Workforce Data Collection.
10. See the Urban Institute’s October 27, 2021 brief, Following Labor and Delivery Unit Closures in Rural New Hampshire, Driving Time to the Nearest Unit Doubled.
11. See the Urban Institute’s February 2021 report, Delayed and Forgone Health Care for Nonelderly Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
12. See the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, BRFSS Prevalence and Trends Data, Health Care Access and Coverage.
13. See the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, BRFSS Prevalence and Trends Data, Health Care Access and Coverage.
14. See the NH Department of Health and Human Services’ data portal, Life Expectancy and Mortality.
15. See the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute’s data tool, County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, Primary Care Physicians.
16. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, Private Health Insurance Coverage, S2703.
17. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, Selected Characteristics of Health Insurance Coverage, S2701.
18. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, Public Health Insurance Coverage, S2704.
19. See the NH Department of Health and Human Services’ July 3, 2024 report, New Hampshire Medicaid Enrollment Demographic Trends and Geography.
20. See the NHFPI’s April 30, 2024 blog, Granite Staters Continue to be Impacted by End of Continuous Medicaid Enrollment One Year Later.
21. See the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service, Unwinding and Returning to Regular Operations after COVID-19.
22. See the NH Department of Health and Human Services’ July 3, 2024 report, New Hampshire Medicaid Enrollment Demographic Trends and Geography.
23. For example, see the Community Behavioral Health Association’s analysis of disenrollment presented to the February 12, 2024 meeting of the NH Medical Care Advisory Committee.
24. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey. Note: 2020 data only includes survey data collected from April through December of that year.
25. See the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anxiety and Depression: Household Pulse Survey.
26. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey.
27. See the NH Department of Health and Human Services’ data portal, Youth Risk Behavior Survey Results.
28. For example, the NH Department of Health and Human Services reported that, as of August 30, 2024, 19 adults were in emergency departments waiting for acute psychiatric beds to become available.
29. See the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute’s data tool, County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, Mental Health Providers.
30. See the NH Office of Chief Medical Examiner’s 2022 report, Summary of 2022 New Hampshire Drug Overdose Deaths and the U.S. Department of Transportation’s 2022 report, State Highway Safety Report: New Hampshire.
31. See the NH Office of Chief Medical Examiner’s 2022 report, Summary of 2022 New Hampshire Drug Overdose Deaths, and the NH Department of Health and Human Services New Hampshire Drug Monitoring Initiative, June 2024 Report published August 1, 2024.
32. See the NH Department of Health and Human Services’ June 20, 2024 Operating Statistics Dashboard.
33. See the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Disability Characteristics, S1810.
34. See the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Disability Characteristics, S1810.
35. See the NHFPI’s July 18, 2022 publication, Long-Term Services and Supports in New Hampshire: A Review of the State’s Medicaid Funding for Older Adults and Adults with Physical Disabilities.
FOOD INSECURITY
1. See NHFPI’s February 29, 2024 issue brief Poverty and Food Insecurity in New Hampshire During and Following the COVID-19 Crisis.
2. See the U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Household Food Insecurity in the United States in 2023.
3. See Feeding America, Map the Meal Gap.
4. See the U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service’s October 2, 2017 article, Adults in Households with More Severe Food Insecurity Are More Likely to Have a Chronic Disease and the American Journal of Health Promotion’s 2022 article, Food Insecurity and Mental Well-Being Among Low-Income Families During COVID-19 Pandemic.
5. See the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Healthy People 2030: Food Insecurity and NHFPI’s February 29, 2024 issue brief Poverty and Food Insecurity in New Hampshire During and Following the COVID-19 Crisis.
6. See the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Healthy People 2030: Food Insecurity.
7. See the U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service’s June 2009 report, Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food-Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and their Consequences.
8. See the U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Food Access Research Atlas.
9. See the University of New Hampshire Carsey School of Public Policy’s June 2019 issue brief Mapping the Food Landscape in New Hampshire.
10. See the U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service’s December 7, 2021 article, Rural Counties Losing Share Grocery Stores, Gaining Other Types of Food Retailers.
11. See the NH Department of Health and Human Services, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
12. See the U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Household Food Insecurity in the United States in 2023.
13. See the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s WIC Data Tables.
14. Data provided through data request from the NH Department of Health and Human Services.
15. See the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s interactive, SNAP Participation Rates by State.
16. See the New Hampshire Hunger Solutions website.
17. See the Urban Institute’s data tool, Does SNAP Cover the Cost of a Meal in Your County?
18. See the NH Department of Education, Free Reduced School Lunch Eligibility Rates by District.
19. See the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, QuickStats and NHFPI’s June 2022 issue brief Advancing Equity Through Changes to State Public Education Aid.
20. See the Frontiers in Nutrition’s 2022 article Food Insecurity and the Role of Food Assistance Programs in Supporting Diet Quality During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Massachusetts; the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities’ January 2018 report SNAP Is Linked with Improved Nutritional Outcomes and Lower Health Care Costs; and the Journal of Nutritional Science’s 2023 article Food Security Among SNAP Participants 2019 to 2021: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement Data.
EARLY CARE AND EDUCATION
1. See NHFPI’s February and May 2024 issue briefs, The State of Child Care in New Hampshire: End of One-Time Federal Investments May Reduce Industry Stability and The Fragile Economics of the Child Care Sector.
2. Estimates calculated using U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 2018-2022 five-year estimates, Age of Own Children Under 18 Years in Families and Subfamilies by Living Arrangements By Employment Status of Parents, B23008. The figure provided is the estimated number of children under 6 years old in New Hampshire with both parents, or their sole parent, in the labor force.
3. See NHFPI’s May 2024 issue brief, The Fragile Economics of the Child Care Sector.
4. See 2022 Child Care Affordability in New Hampshire and 2023 Child Care Affordability in New Hampshire from Child Care Aware of America. For more information, see NHFPI’s May 2024 issue brief, The Fragile Economics of the Child Care Sector.
5. Original NHFPI analyses using U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey: Median Income in the Past 12 Months (in 2022 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars), S1903.
6. See New Hampshire’s Department of Health and Human Services’ NH Connections’ Child Care Scholarship information webpage and Eligibility for NH Scholarship slides.
7. See NHFPI’s June 2023 blog, Senate Modifies State Budget Proposal, House Concurs with Senate Changes and Sends Budget to Governor and NH DHHS’s July 2023 Inter-Departmental Communication.
8. See NH DHHS’s July 2024 Child Care Scholarship Income Eligibility Levels.
9. See NH DHHS’s July 2024 Child Care Scholarship Income Eligibility Levels, p. 2.
10. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey data collections from Week 57 to Phase 4.1 Cycle 07.
11. Note: These figures include the financial loss from the first year of the unavailable child care slot as well as residual, cumulative effects related to those initial financial losses over a ten-year time horizon. See the Bipartisan Policy Center’s 2021 report, The Economic Impact of America’s Child Care Gap, in particular, p. 11 for an explanation of cumulative impacts. Figures adjusted for inflation using CPI-U New England.
12. See Society for Research in Child Development and Foundation for Child Development’s October 2013 summary Investing in Our Future: The Evidence Base on Preschool Education, Child Development Perspectives’ 2022 peer-reviewed article The Promise and Purpose of Early Care and Education, National Bureau of Economic Research’s 2021 working paper The Long-Term Effects of Universal Preschool in Boston later published in 2022 under the same title in the peer-reviewed journal The Quarterly Journal of Economics, and the Journal of Political Economy’s 2020 peer-reviewed article Quantifying the Life-Cycle Benefits of an Influential Early-Childhood Program.
13. See the Tax Policy Center’s September 2023 publication The Return on Investing in Children: Helping Children Thrive.
14. See U.S Bureau of Labor Statistic’s May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for New Hampshire and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation 2023 Poverty Guidelines: 48 Contiguous States (except Alaska and Hawaii).
15. See U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics’ May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for New Hampshire.
16. NHFPI analysis of HB1 for SFYs 2016-2017, 2018-2019, 2020-2021, 2022-2023, 2024-2025, New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services Division of Economic Stability’s August 21, 2023 report, New Hampshire Child Care COVID Funding, NH Connections’ Child Care Operating Expense Reduction (CCOER) Grant Program Application Overview as of October 24, 2023, and SFYs 2024-2025 HB 2, p. 147.
17. Figure derived using New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services Division of Economic Stability’s August 21, 2023 report, New Hampshire Child Care COVID Funding, and NH Connections’ Child Care Operating Expense Reduction (CCOER) Grant Program Application Overview as of October 24, 2023.
18. See Department of Health and Human Services’ document, Child Care Workforce Grant State Fiscal Years 2024 and 2025 as of January 2, 2024.
19. NHFPI analysis of Chapter 106 HB 1-A – Final Version. For more details, see NHFPI’s February 2024 issue brief, The State of Child Care in New Hampshire: End of One-Time Federal Investments May Reduce Industry Stability.
K – 12 AND POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION
1. See the Economic Development Quarterly 2018 article Human Capital and Intergenerational Mobility in U.S. Counties.
2. See the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2021 peer-reviewed article, Life expectancy in adulthood is falling for those without a BA degree, but as educational gaps have widened, racial gaps have narrowed. See also the Annual Review of Public Health 2018 article The Relationship Between Education and Health: Reducing Disparities through a Contextual Approach.
3. See the National Academy of Sciences February 2024 issue brief, Reducing Intergenerational Poverty: Education’s Critical Role in Reducing Intergenerational Poverty and NHFPI’s February 2024 issue brief, Poverty and Food Insecurity in New Hampshire During and Following the COVID-19 Crisis. See also the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics published analysis Unemployment Rates for Persons 25 Years and Older by Educational Attainment.
4. See U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Educational Attainment, S1501.
5. See U.S. Census Bureau’s 2022 American Community Survey Table S1501 for New Hampshire.
6. See the National Center for Education Statistics High School Graduation Rates and U.S. Census Bureau’s 2022 American Community Survey Table S1501 for New Hampshire.
7. See NHFPI’s November 2023 issue brief, Limited State Funding for Public Higher Education Adds to Workforce Constraints.
8. See New Hampshire Department of Education’s State Summary Revenue and Expenditures of School Districts 2022-2023 and Valuations, Property Tax Assessments and Tax Rates of School Districts 2022-2023.
9. See NHFPI’s October 2023 fact sheet, Education in New Hampshire: Fiscal Policies in 2023. See also data showing 2023 taxable property values per capita, published by the New Hampshire Community Development Finance Authority.
10. See U.S. Census Bureau’s 2022 Public Elementary-Secondary Education Finance Data.
11. See the University System of New Hampshire’s “Our Institutions” and the Community College System of New Hampshire’s “Locations” pages.
12. See NHFPI’s November 2023 issue brief, Limited State Funding for Public Higher Education Adds to Workforce Constraints.
13. See the State Higher Education Executive Officers Association’s State Higher Education Finance report Grapevine 2024 National Table 3.
14. See State Higher Education Finance Report Figure 3.2.
15. See Keene State College, Plymouth State University, and University of New Hampshire’s admissions and financial aid and services webpages.
16. See National Center for Educational Statistics Table 309.30 (Fall 2020).
17. See The Institute for College Access and Success’ Student Debt and the Class of 2020 (November 2021) Table 3: Percentage of Graduates with Debt and Average Debt of Those with Loans, By State.
18. See The Institute for College Access and Success’ Student Debt and the Class of 2020 (November 2021) Table 3: Percentage of Graduates with Debt and Average Debt of Those with Loans, By State.
19. See the Institute of Education Sciences’ 2022 report, Baccalaureate and Beyond (B&B:16/20), p. 19.
20. See the 2021 peer-reviewed article, Does Student Loan Debt Hinder Community Well-Being? In the International Journal of Community Wellbeing.
21. See New Hampshire Fiscal Policy Institute’s August 2023 issue brief Granite State Workers and Employers Face Rising Costs and Significant Economic Constraints, under the heading “New Hampshire’s Recovery Slowed by Workforce Constraints.” See the Carsey Institute’s 2012 publication, New Hampshire Demographic Trends in the Twenty-First Century, and the NH Center for Public Policy Studies 2017 archived post, NH Economic Outlook 2018, more information about on-going demographic trends in New Hampshire.
22. See the New Hampshire Department of Business and Economic Affairs’ State of New Hampshire Workforce Assessment from August 2022, Updated April 2023 (used to determine number of projected job openings), and New Hampshire Employment Security’s New Hampshire Employment Projections by Industry and Occupation: Base Year 2020 to Projected Year 2030 report from January 2022 (used to confirm necessary educational attainment and training for occupations).
TRANSPORTATION
1. See New Hampshire Department of Transportation’s 2024 Roads and Highways Facts & Figures.
2. See New Hampshire Department of Transportation’s 2023 Fact Book.
3. See New Hampshire Department of Transportation’s 2023 Fact Book.
4. See New Hampshire Department of Transportation’s July 2024 Pavement Condition document.
5. See New Hampshire Department of Transportation’s 2024 Roads and Highways Facts & Figures.
6. See New Hampshire Department of Transportation’s NHDOT Facts webpage.
7. See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s, Climate Change Impacts on Transportation, and U.S. Department of Transportation’s, Climate Action.
8. See New Hampshire’s State Airport System Plan: System of Public-Use Airports in New Hampshire and New Hampshire Department of Transportation’s NHDOT Facts.
9. See New Hampshire Department of Transportation’s Rail Transportation webpage.
10. See New Hampshire Department of Transportation’s New Hampshire Rail Trails Plan.
11. See New Hampshire Department of Transportation’s Local Transit Services webpage.
12. Email communication with NHDOT.
13. See the New Hampshire Transit Association’s 2022 report Public Transportation in New Hampshire.
14. See U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Means of Transportation to Work by Selected Characteristics, S0802.
15. See U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Means of Transportation to Work by Selected Characteristics, S0802.
16. See U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Means of Transportation to Work by Selected Characteristics, S0802.
17. See U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Selected Economic Characteristics, DP03.
18. See New Hampshire Department of Transportation’s 2023-2032 Draft Ten Year Plan presentation prepared for the Senate Transportation Committee.
19. See New Hampshire’s House Public Works and Highways Committee HB 2024 2025-2034 Draft Ten Year Plan Work Session, slide 11.
20. See New Hampshire’s House Public Works and Highways Committee HB 2024 2025-2034 Draft Ten Year Plan Work Session, slide 9.
21. See AASHTO 2023 Survey of State Funding for Public Transportation.
22. See State of New Hampshire’s September 2016 Performance Audit Report for the Department of Transportation Bridge Maintenance.
23. See American Society of Civil Engineers’ 2017 Report Card for New Hampshire’s Infrastructure.
BROADBAND INTERNET
1. See the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond’s 2020 publication, Bringing Broadband to Rural America.
2. See U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Types of Computers and Internet Subscriptions, S2801.
3. For more information about figures in this paragraph, see BroadbandNow’s webpage, New Hampshire Internet Coverage & Availability in 2024.
4. For more information about figures in this paragraph, see BroadbandNow’s 2024 Internet Availability by State.
5. For more information about figures in this paragraph, see BroadbandNow’s webpage, New Hampshire Internet Coverage & Availability in 2024 and the New Hampshire Department of Business and Economic Affairs NH Broadband Mapping Initiative data, last updated December 2023.
6. See U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Types of Computers and Internet Subscriptions, S2801.
7. See the U.S. Federal Communications Commission Affordable Connectivity Program website, accessed July 2024, as well as the U.S. Treasury Department’s Capital Projects Fund website, accessed July 2024, and the U.S. Department of Commerce November 2021 fact sheet Department of Commerce’s Use of Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal Funding to Help Close the Digital Divide.
8. See U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Types of Computers and Internet Subscriptions, S2801.
STATE BUDGET
1. See the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s Technical Assistance for Towns, Village, Districts, School Districts, Budget Committees, as well as the New Hampshire Municipal Association’s Federal Funding and Resources and NHFPI’s July 2024 presentation Funding Public Services in New Hampshire at the State and Local Levels.
2. To learn more about these examples, see the Congressional Research Service’s reports from June 2018, Small Business Administration: A Primer on Programs and Funding, July 2022’s Small Business Administration (SBA) Funding: Overview and Recent Trends, and July 2024’s Medicare Overview.
3. Based on General Fund appropriations as a percentage of the total allocated by the New Hampshire State Budget in Chapter 106, Laws of 2023.
4. For examples of these grants, see the New Hampshire Department of Safety Grants webpage and the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services Loans and Grants webpage.
5. See an example of both infrastructure and waste management on the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services Wastewater State Aid Grants webpage.
6. See the New Hampshire Department of Education Local District Schools webpage.
7. See RSA 52 for more information on village districts and Chapter 198, Laws of 2021 for an example of permitted, formalized cooperation between municipalities.
8. See the New Hampshire Association of Counties The History of NH County Government and NHFPI’s August 2024 presentation Funding for Long-Term Services and Supports in New Hampshire.
9. See the New Hampshire State Constitution and NHFPI’s February 2017 publication Building the Budget.
10. See RSA 9:4 and the Transparent NH government webpage How Government Finances Work.
11. See the New Hampshire Office of Legislative Budget Assistant’s January 2023 fiscal issue brief The Operating Budget Process, RSA 9:2, and RSA 9:3.
12. See the New Hampshire Office of Legislative Budget Assistant’s January 2023 Budget Orientation and the January 2017 document House Finance Committee Division Briefing, New Hampshire State Operating Budget.
13. For more examples and discussion of the process, see NHFPI’s February 2017 publication Building the Budget, pages 9 and 10.
14. In 2024, the Senate Finance Committee had seven members, while the House Finance Committee had 25 members, or more Committee members than there were members of the New Hampshire State Senate.
15. See NHFPI’s May 2023 analysis Senate Ways and Means Committee Estimated Revenues $184.3 Million Higher Than House-Projected Revenues and May 22, 2017 blog post Senate Ways and Means Committee Increases Revenue Estimates for examples.
16. See the New Hampshire Office of Legislative Budget Assistant’s January 2023 fiscal issue brief The Operating Budget Process.
17. See the New Hampshire Office of Legislative Budget Assistant’s January 2023 fiscal issue brief The Operating Budget Process, the New Hampshire State Constitution Part Second, Article 44, NHFPI’s June 25, 2021 blog post Legislature Sends State Budget to Governor, NHFPI’s July 1, 2019 blog Services Funded at Lower Levels than Proposed After Governor Vetoes Budget, and NHFPI’s June 24, 2019 blog Committee of Conference Keeps Medicaid Reimbursement Rate Increases, Boosts Fiscal Disparity Aid in Final Budget Agreement.
18. For examples, see the New Hampshire Office of Legislative Budget Assistant’s FY 2024-2025 Operating and Capital Budget webpage and the January 2023 Budget Orientation.
19. See NHFPI’s June 2023 blog Senate Modifies State Budget Proposal, House Concurs with Senate Changes and Sends Budget to Governor.
20. For more information and examples, see NHFPI’s February 2017 publication Building the Budget, NHFPI’s June 2023 presentation Examining the State Budget: Reviewing the Senate’s Proposal, NHFPI’s May 2023 issue brief The House of Representatives Budget Proposal for State Fiscal Years 2024 and 2025, and NHFPI’s August 2021 issue brief The State Budget for Fiscal Years 2022 and 2023.
21. See NHFPI’s February 2019 presentation New Hampshire’s State Budget and Families in the Post-Recession Economy, slide 2, as well as NHFPI’s August 2024 presentation Funding for Long-Term Services and Supports in New Hampshire and the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services Medicaid Enrollment Data, accessed September 2024.
22. See Chapter 106, Laws of 2023, page 722, NHFPI’s July 2024 presentation Funding Public Services in New Hampshire at the State and Local Levels, and NHFPI’s February 2017 publication Building the Budget, pages 13 and 14.
23. For the division of State agencies by category, see the Governor’s Executive Budget Summary for Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 2024-2025, pages 18 and 19.
24. See the Governor’s Executive Budget Summary for Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 2024-2025, pages 18 and 19, and NHFPI’s July 2024 presentation Funding Public Services in New Hampshire at the State and Local Levels.
25. For more information about the most significant New Hampshire State Budget funds, see NHFPI’s February 2017 publication Building the Budget, pages 12 and 13 and the Office of Legislative Budget Assistant’s January 2023 Budget Orientation, page 2.
26. For more information about the most significant New Hampshire State Budget funds, see NHFPI’s February 2017 publication Building the Budget, pages 12 and 13 and the Office of Legislative Budget Assistant’s January 2023 Budget Orientation, page 2.
27. See Chapter 106, Laws of 2023, page 722, the Office of Legislative Budget Assistant’s January 2023 Budget Orientation, page 2, and RSA 198:42.
28. See NHFPI’s February 2017 publication Building the Budget, pages 12 and 13.
29. See NHFPI’s August 2019 fact sheet County Medicaid Funding Obligations for Long-Term Care and NHFPI’s August 2024 presentation Funding for Long-Term Services and Supports in New Hampshire.
30. For more information on this section, see the New Hampshire Office of Legislative Budget Assistant’s October 2023 publication State Aid to Cities, Towns and School Districts.
31. See NHFPI’s July 2023 presentation How New Hampshire Funds Public Services at the State and Local Levels, slides 72 to 75.
32. To learn more, see the New Hampshire Municipal Association’s October 2022 publication Municipal State Aid and Revenue Sharing History and Trends.
33. See NHFPI’s October 2023 fact sheet Education in New Hampshire: Fiscal Policies in 2023 and the New Hampshire Office of Legislative Budget Assistant’s January 2021 fiscal issue brief Calculating Education Grants Fiscal Year 2022 – District Public Schools.
34. See NHFPI’s June 2023 presentation Examining the State Budget: Reviewing the Senate’s Proposal and the New Hampshire Department of Education’s Estimated Expenditures of School Districts 2022-2023.
35. See U.S. Census Bureau’s 2022 Public Elementary-Secondary Education Finance Data.
FUNDING PUBLIC SERVICES
1. For more information regarding all the material reviewed in this section, see NHFPI’s July 14, 2024 presentation Funding Public Services in New Hampshire at the State and Local Levels and NHFPI’s May 2017 publication Revenue in Review: An Overview of New Hampshire’s Tax System and Major Revenue Sources.
2. See the State of New Hampshire’s Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023, page 22.
3. See the State of New Hampshire’s Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023, pages 37 and 42.
4. For more information, see the Pew Charitable Trust’s August 2023 analysis Pandemic Aid Lifts Federal Share of State Budgets to New Highs.
5. For more information on Liquor Commission and Lottery Commission revenues, see the Annual Comprehensive Financial Reports for SFY 2023 for the New Hampshire Liquor Commission and the New Hampshire Lottery Commission.
6. Data collected through the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances.
7. Information used in this analysis of State and local tax revenue sources derived from the New Hampshire Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for SFY 2023, the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s 2023 Annual Report and 2023 Municipal Tax Rates, the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services Fiscal Item FIS 23-311 presented to the Joint Legislative Fiscal Committee, and the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances for Fiscal Year 2021, the most recent available at the time of publication.
9. See the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances for Fiscal Year 2021.
10. See the New Hampshire Liquor Commission’s Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for SFY 2023, page 4.
11. See the New Hampshire State Constitution, Part Second, Article 6-b, and the State Treasurer’s State of New Hampshire Information Statement, pages 14, 26, and 27.
12. See RSA 237 and the New Hampshire Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023, page 39.
13. See NHFPI’s February 2017 publication Building the Budget, page 12, and the State Treasurer’s State of New Hampshire Information Statement, pages 28 and 47-63.
14. Examples include the revenue estimates produced by the House and Senate Ways and Means Committees and regular reporting on State revenues produced by the New Hampshire Department of Administrative Services.
15. See the New Hampshire State Constitution, Part Second, Article 6-b.
16. For more information on the Business Profits Tax and the Business Enterprise Tax, see NHFPI’s August 2023 issue brief State Business Tax Rate Reductions Led to Between $496 Million and $729 Million Less for Public Services.
17. See the Pew Charitable Trusts, How States Raise Their Tax Dollars, FY 2023.
18. See the Tax Policy Center’s November 2017 report Revenue Volatility: How States Manage Uncertainty and the Pew Charitable Trusts May 2024 analysis Tax Revenue Volatility Is Increasing in Most States.
19. See RSA 77-A and the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s Business Taxes webpage for more details.
20. See the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s 2024 annual report, page 48.
21. See NHFPI’s August 2023 issue brief State Business Tax Rate Reductions Led to Between $496 Million and $729 Million Less for Public Services and NHFPI’s February 2024 Data Byte New Hampshire Corporate Tax Revenue Increases Lag Behind Other States.
22. For more information on the BET, see RSA 77-E, NHFPI’s April 2024 presentation New Hampshire’s Business Enterprise Tax, and NHFPI’s August 2023 issue brief State Business Tax Rate Reductions Led to Between $496 Million and $729 Million Less for Public Services.
23. See the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s December 2023 report Tax Expenditure and Potential Liability Report, Fiscal Year 2023, page 15.
24. See NHFPI’s April 2024 presentation New Hampshire’s Business Enterprise Tax, slide 10, and NHFPI’s August 2023 issue brief State Business Tax Rate Reductions Led to Between $496 Million and $729 Million Less for Public Services.
25. See NHFPI’s August 2023 issue brief State Business Tax Rate Reductions Led to Between $496 Million and $729 Million Lessfor Public Services.
26. See NHFPI’s August 2023 Issue Brief State Business Tax Rate Reductions Led to Between $496 Million and $729 Million Less for Public Services.
27. See the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s 2024 annual report, pages 46-48.
28. See the Council on State Taxation’s December 2023 report Total State and Local Business Taxes.
29. For more information on the Meals and Rentals Tax, see RSA 78-A and the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s Meals and Rooms (Rentals) Tax webpage.
30. See NHFPI’s January 2024 blog Proposed Tax Reductions Would Deeply Diminish Revenues for Public Services and NHFPI’s May 2022 blog Significant Revenue Surplus Largely Generated by Business Taxes in Federally-Boosted Economy.
31. See RSA 76:3 and NHFPI’s May 2021 blog Statewide Education Property Tax Change Provides Less Targeted Relief to learn more about the mechanics of the SWEPT.
32. See RSA 76:8.
33. For additional references, see NHFPI’s May 2021 blog Statewide Education Property Tax Change Provides Less Targeted Relief to learn more about the mechanics of the SWEPT.
34. See RSA 84-A and the State Treasurer’s April 2023 State of New Hampshire Information Statement, pages 22-24.
35. Learn more in the State Treasurer’s April 2023 State of New Hampshire Information Statement, page 24.
36. See the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s 2023 Annual Report, pages 42 and 43, and the New Hampshire Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023, page 7.
37. For more detailed data, see the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s 2023 Annual Report, page 38.
38. See RSA 78 and the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s 2023 Annual Report, page 11.
39. See the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s 2023 Annual Report, page 39.
40. See the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s January 11, 2023 presentation to the House and Senate Ways and Means Committees and the Department’s May 3, 2023 presentation to the Senate Ways and Means Committee.
41. See RSA 78-B, NHFPI’s March 4, 2022 presentation to the House and Senate Ways and Means Committees, NHFPI’s January 17, 2023 presentation to the House Ways and Means Committee, and the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s January 11, 2023 presentation to the House and Senate Ways and Means Committees.
42. See NHFPI’s May 2024 blog State Revenues Add to Surplus, But Suggest Potential Trouble Ahead: Seven Takeaways from April Revenue Figures, NHFPI’s June 2024 blog May State Revenues Show Continued Decline in Key Tax Revenue Sources, and NHFPI’s May 2022 blog Significant Revenue Surplus Largely Generated by Business Taxes in Federally-Boosted Economy.
43. See the New Hampshire Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023, page 7 and the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s 2023 Annual Report, page 43.
44. See RSA 77, the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s January 11, 2023 presentation to the House and Senate Ways and Means Committees, and the Department’s July 2024 I&D Quick Checklist.
45. See the New Hampshire Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023, page 7, the New Hampshire Department of Administrative Services’ Monthly Revenue Focus, FY June 2024 Preliminary Accrual and Monthly Revenue Focus April FY 2024, and the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s January 11, 2023 presentation to the House and Senate Ways and Means Committees.
46. See NHFPI’s written presentation to the House Ways and Means Committee on January 16, 2024, NHFPI’s March 2024 blog Households with High Incomes Disproportionately Benefit from Interest and Dividends Tax Repeal, and the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy’s Who Pays? 7th Edition analysis for New Hampshire. See also the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s 2023 Annual Report, page 49.
47. See RSA 260, the New Hampshire Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023, pages 34 and 119.
48. See RSA 261:141 and RSA 261:141-c.
49. See RSA 400-A, the New Hampshire Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023, page 7, and the State Treasurer’s April 2023 State of New Hampshire Information Statement, page 24.
50. See RSA 83-F for more details, and the New Hampshire Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023, page 7 for revenue figures.
51. See RSA 84-C, NHFPI’s July 2022 publication Long-Term Services and Support in New Hampshire: A Review of the State’s Medicaid Funding for Older Adults and Adults with Physical Disabilities, page 18, and the New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration’s 2023 Annual Report, page 42.
52. See RSA 82-A, the New Hampshire State Treasurer’s State of New Hampshire Information Statement, page 22, NHFPI’s January 2024 blog Proposed Tax Reductions Would Deeply Diminish Revenues for Public Services, and NHFPI’s August 2018 blog Year-End and July Revenues Show Surplus, Raise Questions About Business Taxes.
53. See RSA 178:26 and the New Hampshire Annual Comprehensive Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023, page 148.
54. See the Tax Policy Center’s Briefing Book, updated January 2024, How Do Taxes Affect the Economy in the Long Run?, the December 2015 National Tax Journal article The Relationship Between Taxes and Growth at the State Level: New Evidence, and research collected in NHFPI’s August 2023 issue brief State Business Tax Rate Reductions Led to Between $496 Million and $729 Million Less for Public Services.
55. See NHFPI’s January 2024 blog post Granite Staters with Lowest Incomes Have Highest Effective State and Local Tax Rate and the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy’s Who Pays? 7th Edition analysis for New Hampshire.
56. See NHFPI’s January 2024 blog Granite Staters with Lowest Incomes Have Highest Effective State and Local Tax Rate and the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy’s Who Pays? 7th Edition analysis for New Hampshire.
57. For State Budget investments, see NHFPI’s September 2021 presentation The State Budget for Fiscal Years 2022-2023: State Aid to Local Governments, NHFPI’s December 2019 issue brief The State Budget for Fiscal Years 2020 and 2021, and NHFPI’s August 2021 issue brief The State Budget for Fiscal Years 2022 and 2023. For federal investments, see NHFPI’s March 2021 blog Federal American Rescue Plan Act Directs Aid to Lower-Income Children, Unemployed Workers, and Public Services, NHFPI’s July 2024 blog Local Governments Nearing Deadline to Obligate Federal Funds with Millions of Dollars at Risk, and NHFPI’s April 2020 issue brief The COVID-19 Crisis in New Hampshire: Initial Economic Impacts and Policy Responses.
58. See the U.S. Congressional Research Service’s December 2012 report Taxes and the Economy: An Economic Analysis of the Top Tax Rates Since 1945 (Updated), the U.S. Congressional Budget Office’s February 2015 report Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output in 2014, the November 2011 testimony from the Director of the U.S. Congressional Budget Office Policies for Increasing Economic Growth and Employment in 2012 and 2013, the U.S. Congressional Budget Office’s September 2020 report The Effects of Pandemic-Related Legislation on Output, the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities’ October 2015 report The Financial Crisis: Lessons for the Next One, the U.S. Congressional Budget Office’s February 2023 report The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2023 to 2033, Box 2-1, Moody’s Analytics January 2021 report (archived) The Biden Fiscal Rescue Package: Light on the Horizon, NHFPI’s February 2021 issue brief Designing a State Budget to Meet New Hampshire’s Needs During and After the COVID-19 Crisis, NHFPI’s August 2023 issue brief State Business Tax Rate Reductions Led to Between $496 Million and $729 Million Less for Public Services, and NHFPI’s March 2023 blog Households with High Incomes Disproportionately Benefit from Interest and Dividends Tax Repeal.
CONCLUSION
1. Learn more in NHFPI’s June 2024 blog Poverty Among Older Adults Rose Significantly, and Rebounded for Children, in 2022.
2. For more details, see NHFPI’s September 2023 blog Latest Census Bureau Data Show Median Household Income Fell Behind Inflation, Tax Credit Expirations Increased Poverty.
3. See NHFPI’s September 2024 blog New Hampshire’s Median Household Income Increased in 2023, Poverty Remained Steady.
4. See the Tax Policy Center’s September 2023 report The Return on Investing in Children: Helping Children Thrive.
5. See Moody’s Analytics January 2021 analysis The Biden Fiscal Rescue Package: Light on the Horizon. See also NHFPI’s February 2021 issue brief Designing a State Budget to Meet New Hampshire’s Needs During and After the COVID-19 Crisis, NHFPI’s March 2023 blog Households with High Incomes Disproportionately Benefit from Interest and Dividends Tax Repeal, and the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities 2015 research report The Financial Crisis: Lessons for the Next One.